The Roman Way Of Life Has Been Known To Us As One For...

The Roman way of life has been known to us as one for domination and expansion, at home and abroad. Throughout the duration of the second century Romans have been known for their brut forms of expansions through extraordinary military campaigns however, accompanied by on home soil with political sparked violence and triggered civil unrest due to reformations and thirst for power. Through direct analyzation of ancient sources written by Plutarch on the lives of the Gracchus brothers Tiberius and Gaius, the outbreak of The Social War as well as the Roman general and later dictator Sulla, we can discuss as to what caused violence to become an endemic part of Roman political life during 133 – 43 B.C. Violence became a staple in†¦show more content†¦It was commonly believed that the senators bribed Octavius to veto Tiberius’s proposal for the reform. That had created a rivalry between the two tribunes. Nevertheless, the vote was accepted by the assembly and ultimately the law was passed. Tiberius was favoured by the population masses however, due to various reasons further on and with an attempt for re-election at a time which strict and unbendable term limits were imposed, Tiberius was perceived as power hungry with ambitions of becoming a king by the senators. The paranoia and hate of the senators towards Tiberius had tipped and during one of the gatherings at the Capitol, Tiberius and the crowed was rushed by a group of senators armed with clubs. â€Å"More than three hundred were slain by blows from sticks and stones, but not one by the sword† Plut. Ti. Gracch. 19 â€Å"This is said to have been the first sedition at Rome, since the abolition of royal power, to end in bloodshed and the death of citizens† Plut. Ti. Gracch. 20 This savagery from the senators created an outburst within the populations and an outbreak of riots occurred. At that point the population understood well that Tiberius wasShow MoreRelatedChristians Have Same Beliefs Essay937 Words   |  4 Pagesbeliefs, that there is one God and they all believe in Jesus and his teachings, and they only argue on the way of worshiping him if the different dominations were to come together they would find out they have more things in common than they dont, as this is a known fact it shows the unity in the different church groups. Part of being and living as a Christian, is loving others and therefore means that the churches should join to should their love for one another. StrongRead MoreThe Greatest Question For Today s Christian1212 Words   |  5 Pagescultural accommodation. This issue is fed by the idea of equality and that and a relative idea of what is good and evil. This has grown due to great progression movements in marketing and consumerism, pragmatism, narcissism, and numerous other secular ideologies. The goal of the church today needs to be to recover the true fullness of God’s narrative and importance of its life in the world. The church today struggles to differentiate God’s narrative with our narrative. The church teaches about my redemptionRead MoreAlexander the Greats Impact on the World Essays1339 Words   |  6 PagesAlexander the Great is without doubt one of the greatest military leaders of history. Not only did Alexander of Macedon conquer enormous areas of the known world but also he demonstrated dynamic leadership and masterful strategy on a large scale and tactics on the battlefield. During his life, he ruled the largest empire the world had ever seen, which stretched from ancient Greece to India. The son of King Phillip II of Macedon, Alexander was educated by the philosopher Aristotle and first led MacedonianRead MoreHow Will You Pay The Debt?1812 Words   |  8 PagesThe telephone rings. It s one of those collection calls we all have gotten at least once (if not more). â€Å"You owe a debt†, the ominous voice on the other end of the line says. â€Å"How will you pay it?† There is, perhaps, no more important question for a Christian to be asked. Jesus walked intentionally to the cross where He absorbed into His body the full power of sin and by overcoming death itself indebted each of us who claim the name Christian until He shall come again. How will you pay the debtRead MoreWorks of Sappho and Catullus1135 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature has the ability to reflect the society in which the piece was created and the cultural beliefs of that community. Ancient Greece and Rome have been thoroughly investigated by historical scholars. Some of the most beautiful art and literature, as well as some of the most intelligent science have come to the population of the world through the work of these ancient thinkers and artists. Ancient Greece and Rome were the homes of some of the worlds most beautiful architecture. What is known forRead More The Need for a Middle Eastern Empire Essay3203 Words   |  13 Pagesachieving world domination to help their societ y move forward towards a better future and inviting other societies to join. Hence, spread civilized laws and ideas, end barbarism, and unite mankind. The Macedonians started their campaign of conquering the Persians as a method to unite the Greeks. Their success drove them to dominate the known world to support the idea of uniting the world under one king, to spread peace which is thought to be only possible if rivals did not exist. The Romans based theirRead MoreThe Rise of the Mongol Empire1006 Words   |  4 Pages The Rise of the Mongol Empire The world has not been the same since the Mongol Empire rose and took control in the 13th century. The world has been more culturally connected. An open door policy has truly given rise to some of the most influential ideas of the modern day. At this time of the Mongol growth, European empires fail to colonize the known world, and today are only accredited for the Roman Empire and the Black Plague. The rise of the Mongol Empire can be attributed to a famous emperorRead Moreâ€Å"God could not be everywhere and therefore he made mothers† so goes the old saying. Giving birth,1600 Words   |  7 Pagesbrutality she herself has had to experience. However her slave owner follows their trail and intends to return Sethe and her children to the his plantation. For fear of being caught decided to murder her children and then commit suicide. She succeeds on killing her first-born daughter named Beloved. The tainting of this maternal love for the sake of freedom is the main remains a debatable issue for readers and critics alike. As a reader the main question I had was : â€Å"Has she simply committed murderRead MoreThere Will Never Be Peace in the Middle East Essay1256 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic of peace has been on the mind of historians, political leaders, and the general public for as long as our history has been recorded. Will there ever be peace in the Middle East? W ill the age old battles, both foreign and domestic ever end? This question, pondered on throughout decades of Western civilization, has both a simple answer and a complex reasoning. To even begin to uncover the answer, one must understand the conflict and its deeply rooted origins to even draw a hypothesis of theRead MoreThe Development of Europe and Western Culture Essay2711 Words   |  11 PagesDevelopment of Europe and Western Culture The development of Europe and Western Culture are highlighted by five key dates. The main four key dates and there are as follows: 500 B.C. is known as the Height of Greece. This is the time frame when distinctive European culture had emerged in Greece. It is also known as the Axis Date because the fundamentals of the great world cultures are being defined. During this period of time, Alexander the Great conquered the Persia and became the Great King

Essay on Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men - 1374 Words

Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men Edward Chance Tolman made many significant findings to the studies of learning , memory and motivation. By todays standards he would be considered a behaviorist. â€Å"He is best remembered for being a pioneer in cognitive psychology during a time when behaviorists dominated the field. Tolman made several significant contributions to the field of psychology. At Berkeley University he created a cognitive theory of learning, which became his trademark to the field. He thought of learning as developing from bits of knowledge and cognition about the environment and how the organism relates to it â€Å"(Kimble et al, 1991). Tolmans experiment questions whether complex internal cognitive activity occurs in an†¦show more content†¦In his studies of rats, Tolman aimed to demonstrate that animals could learn facts about the world that they could subsequently use in a flexible manner, rather than simply learning automatic responses that were triggere d off by environmental stimuli. According to Tolman cognitive maps are tools we use to construct and store spatial knowledge, they allow the mind to visualize images in order to reduce cognitive load, and enhance recall and learning of information. It is this map that indicates paths and environmental relationships, which inevitably determines what responses the organism will make .Tolman noted that learning involves the learners creation of cognitive maps or internal schemas, that are not specifically, directly or instantly tied to performance. This means that new concepts are learned but not necessarily put into action immediately. This is the basic principle of latent learning , a theory which leads Tolman away from behaviorism and toward cognitive behaviorism. Cognitive behaviorism states that there is a purpose for all of an organisms behaviors. â€Å"Like Gestaltists, Tolman believed that looking at stimuli and responses alone is not an effective way of studying animal and human behavior. Unlike many other behaviorists, Tolman theorized about internal mental aspects of behavior. For example, as rats go through mazes, they create cognitive maps that they rely upon toShow MoreRelatedCognitive Maps in Rats and Men1456 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Maps in Rats and Men Edward Chance Tolman made many significant findings to the studies of learning, memory and motivation. Today Tolman would be considered a Cognitive Behaviorist, he developed his own brand of behaviorism which emphasized the purposeful nature behind an organisms actions, taking into account its goals and motivations. â€Å"He is best remembered for being a pioneer in cognitive psychology during a time when behaviorists dominated the field. Tolman made several significantRead MorePerspectives Paper1467 Words   |  6 PagesBehaviorists and cognitive psychologists have debated for many years. It is from these two schools of thought that dueling informational ideas have been born. Originally, behaviorism was the leading school of thought being led by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. Later new ideas regarding the mind became more prominent. Edward C. Tolman was one of the more prominent figures of this field. Behaviorists looked for more evidence of behavior and rejected any ideas ab out the mind. 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In this paper I will attempt to give a detailed description of the history of behaviorism including information about some of the most influential men associated with this movement. I will also explain the methodologies associated with behaviorism such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and other controversial theories and views. Behaviorism The atmosphere surrounding the psychologicalRead MoreThe Psychology Of Human Behavior2898 Words   |  12 PagesPsychology, the study of human behavior, encompasses numerous realms and topics. From human development to drug abuse, psychologists strive to understand behavior and apply their findings. One such area that begets curiosity and research is the cognitive process that is memory. Memory is one of the most precious and crucial components of a person. Experiences shape a personality and create a person. Memories in the form of a witness’s testimony have the power to jail someone for life. However, areRead MoreOverview of Bulimia Essay2050 Words   |  9 PagesWallace, 2011). During this time, Tolman advanced the learning theory by demonstrating that the content of learning may be more cognitive than behavioral. After teaching rats to run through mazes, he discovered that the rats could also swim or ride a trolley car through the maze. He concluded that the rats develo ped a cognitive map of the maze itself. Tolman argued that rats form expectancies about the maze based on their experience with it (1932). His theory is now referred to as the Expectancy TheoryRead MoreFour Main Perspectives in Psychology2425 Words   |  10 PagesThere are four main perspectives in psychology. These are known as; behaviourism, humanism, psychodynamic and cognitive. Each of them explain some aspects of human behaviour well, but one perspective cannot explain all human behaviour. Behaviourism is primarily concerned with observable behaviour; the behaviour which can be watched and seen by others. 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Marketing during Economic Depression Free Essays

Marketing Under the Situation of Economic Depression The financial crisis originated in Wall Street of United States has spread all over the world rapidly. Because of the firmer and closer economic connections between countries, almost every country is beginning to experience somewhat economic depression. Considering the issue of marketing under the situation of economic depression is becoming necessary for many companies in any area of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing during Economic Depression or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marketing is defined as a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. A company wanting to have a successful marketing strategy should first understand the marketing environment around it. A company’s marketing environment consists of the actors and forces outside marketing that affect marketing management’s ability to develop and maintain successful transactions with its target customers. And the economic depression situation should be considered as part of the marketing environment study area. The ever changing microenvironment and macroenvironment offer both opportunities and threats to companies. If a company wants to be successful in any condition, it should know the vital importance of watching and adapting to the changing environment, so it can avoid the unfavorable conditions and grasp any opportunities. Economic environment is one of macro factors that influence a company’s marketing concerns. Theoretically, it consists of factors that affect consumer purchasing power and spending patterns. Under the situation of economic depression, both consumer purchasing power and spending patterns have, to some extent, changed. Therefore, a company must have a clear picture of what those changes are. As for the consumer buying power, depressed economic situation is always related with reduced consumer buying power. For example, during the 1997’s Asian economic crisis, country after country saw their currency depreciate as the crisis unfolded. The consumers of those Asian ‘tiger’ economies became more financially cautious and they spent much less at that time. Considering the spending patterns, as Engle suggested, when family income rises, the percentage spent on food declines, the percentage spent on housing remains constant and both the percentage spent on other categories and that devoted to savings increase. The reduced income in the economic depression has a large impact on what a certain person buys, for instance, he may spend less on entertainment or clothes, and the percentage of income spending on food may increase. Therefore, we can see that the depressed economy is going to influence consumer buying behavior. For all the four cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors, they affect the consumer purchase strongly. Under depression, there are a few phenomena that are notable for companies. First, consumers prefer more relatively cheap goods and fewer luxuries. There is a statistic number for the 1997 Asian economic crisis, in Thailand, 58% people didn’t buy any designed clothes any more and 45% people didn’t drink whisky. While recent economic crisis in Vietnam made the sales of automobile plummet. According to a report of VAMA, 16 members of this automobile manufacturing association only sold 11500 cars in May 2008, 2000 fewer those sales of April. Also, consumers may turn to the brands whose brand image are associated with mass market and people buy less imported goods. Second, towards companies’ promotion and advertisement, consumers may react differently than before. Since the economic depression brings a lot of psychological pressure to people, they are not as interested as in the sales ads any more. They may buy goods that are in promotion, but most of them will buy less or buy smaller size packages. Third, as for the shopping place, people prefer the discounted stores that the expensive department store. During the 1973 oil crisis in America, the frequency of 79. % consumers shopping in the discounted stores or buying directly from wholesales increased a lot. Apart from the changes above, there is another point; that is, the consumption of necessities varies a little, since they have relatively inelastic demands. So what should a company do in face of the changing marketing environment? There are several responses as for the environment change. Companies react differently because some view the change is uncontrollable thus passively adap t, while others may try to influence the change and take a proactive approach. The depressed economy is generally viewed as an uncontrollable element, so companies should try to find methods to adapt in the existing situation. To begin with, companies must focus on their core competitive advantage and reduce the extended brands marketing that are not so competitive. In the depressed economy, it is not only the consumers that are influenced; companies also have fewer resources to use. Companies should withdraw from those less competitive markets and use its own limited resources (human resources, capital and marketing channels, etc. used to consolidate and strengthen the markets of products of core competitiveness. Then is the promotion and advertising strategy for the company. As noted before, consumers are not that easily to be influenced by those things. So companies should target the audience of ads accurately, and avoid the way to waste money on the advertising to those who rarely buy the goods. It is suggested that companies use less mass adverting methods , such as ads on newspaper and leaflets. Instead, companies should try to ensure that people who read the ads have a high probability to buy the goods. For example, a Targeting Mobilephone Magazine sends the sales information messages to 200,000 high-end subscribers. That method is of low cost, but it is far more effective than traditional ways. Furthermore is the price issue. People are more sensitive to the price and they want cheaper goods than before since their purchasing power is often reduced during the depression. People decrease their consumption on luxuries and other high quality high price goods. The more for less, the same for less and less for much less value proposition strategy are more likely to succeed in this situation. In addition, since customers are likely to turn to the local discounted stores, companies may change their distribution channels a bit. They can put more goods in the discounted stores and warehouse-style supermarkets. If the economic recession is just in the range of home country, companies can also increase the export. However, not all companies have to take a conservative approach in the economic downturn. For some of them, especially the big and strong companies, it is a good chance for them to expand their market share. Since depressed economy just makes some small competitors bankrupt, the strong companies can get the consumers of those companies, thus having a larger market share. If a company can establish an image that is reliable and indestructible at the time when customers have some psychological pressure, it is more likely to win the favor of customers even after the depression is over. There is a saying, the more serious the depression, the more opportunities in the market. And the CEO of Alibaba. om, Ma Yun, also said â€Å"the economic crisis will create new business civilization. † There are many reasons to believe that the depressed economy brings us both opportunities and challenges. In conclusion, if a company can understand the environment around it well, study the consumer buying behavior carefully, and develop a appropriate marketing strategy for itself, it can certainly have chance to avoid the unfavorable factors and maintain its competitiveness, thus winning under the sit uation of economic depression and any other conditions of the economy. How to cite Marketing during Economic Depression, Essays

Over

Over-spending and under-spending of the public sector budget Essay The over-spending and under-spending of a budget is the positive or negative discrepancy between what was really spent and what was budgeted. Outline1 Overspending2 Under disbursement3 Different sorts of discrepancies4 Best Practices Overspending Budgets overruns are the underestimate of costs and clip or by the nonconformity of budget directors with the disbursement upper limit defined in the budget, when projected. There are several accounts for overspending. Sometimes, it is merely bad calculating on portion of the budget director. There was uncomplete information or hapless prediction methods that led to an underestimate and/or unreal optimism of costs, disbursals and grosss. Often there is alteration in range of the undertaking and costs associated with range alteration are neither captured nor covered in the hazard extenuation or eventuality program. Fundss are allocated to the cost centres for disbursement, it is controlled. Overspent fund accumulate in arrears. Overruns could besides be a consequence of off-budget disbursement which non considered portion of the budget and is non included in budget sums. Off budget disbursement is frequently for political grounds. For illustration, after a petition from President Reagan, Congress placed strategic crude oil modesty passing off-budget in 1982. Alternatively of utilizing other agencies to command the shortage raising grosss or cutting disbursement placing this plan off-budget gave the visual aspect of a smaller shortage, even though the authorities still needed to finance this disbursement. Beginning: Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Historical Tables and Mid-session Review, FY2006. Sometimes the outgo processes are complicated and hard. To besiege this procedure exceeding processs are development to rush to the procedure to let go of the financess. These exceeding processs are tolerated by the exchequer for politically sensitive outgos. The processs are often abused and should be discouraged. These processs are used my functionaries to order supplies without doing a formal petition and much later the twelvemonth un-forecasted bills appear. Sometime fund are unavailable to do this bills which leads to coevals of arrears for the undermentioned twelvemonth. The combination of exceeding processs besides has long-run deductions, incentivizing disbursement bureaus to travel outside the budget system to avoid control wholly. Such processs are associated with or ensue in corruptness. Frequently past experiences can take to overspending. If a section caput under spent the old twelvemonth and the budget for the undermentioned twelvemonth was lost. The section is extremely likely to pass the full sum for the fright of losing financess for the following twelvemonth. The manner in which public presentation is reported can hold a important consequence on the chumminess and coordination between sections. If engagement of the directors implementing the budget was absent, so directors can fault this for the file to stay by the budget. In add-on impact of rising prices and a sense of entitlement towards certain financess are besides factors to be considered in budget planning. Overruns can be caused by such lacks in budget readying. Under disbursement Many authoritiess do non pass their full one-year budget. The grounds for this under disbursement can be assorted and can ensue in many results. Lack of timely disbursement or under disbursement can impact the citizens non having indispensable authorities services. Certain countries have more economic impacts such as occupations created through the timely induction of new substructure undertaking. Under disbursement can frequently blockade resources from other departments/managers which/who are passing their budget more fruitfully, forestalling them to make their complete potency of success in bringing of the intended service. Diary Of Anne Frank EssayClose interaction between the fiscal information system and the budgeting systems is indispensable. There should be a control on corporate disbursement and any shortage, a overarching prioritization of schemes with respects to outgos and better usage of the budgeted resources. The sanctioned budget should be entered into the fiscal information system. In add-on to a full committedness system, memoranda notes should be included the system that gaining control records of committedness but does non amend the fiscal records. Seasonably comparative fiscal statements on a regular footing. These statements should include original and revised budget, gaining control discrepancies and explicate major discrepancies. The audited and dependable statements are based in solid accounting criterions with regular external coverage. Budget Monitoring: Monitoring and commanding consists of those procedures are performed to detect that possible jobs can be identified in a timely mode and disciplinary action can be taken, when necessary. The cardinal benefit is that the actuals are observed and measured on a regular basis to place discrepancies from the budget. During the class of the twelvemonth, case may originate where the income or outgo is really big that may necessitate and auxiliary estimation. The better the degree of control and intelligence available the earlier this state of affairss can be detected and more fleetly and allow an action can be taken to minimise the discrepancy. However if is determined at that place has to be a alteration so the fiscal information systems can be updated every bit shortly as possible. If a section become cognizant that it will overspend at any clip during the twelvemonth it must advise the Treasury section instantly. It is possible that a supplement estimation is provided if deemed appropriate. Transparency is cardinal print the State accounting policies, set up system of internal controls, and maintain doors open for public and parliamentary examination. Flexible budgeting is a public presentation rating tool. It is non be prepared before the terminal of the financial period. A flexible budget adjusts the initial budget for the existent degree of end product. The flexible budget answers the inquiry: If the section had known at the beginning of the period what would the end product volume ( units delivered or sold ) would be, what the budget would hold looked like? If the section really delivered X units, so exchequer should compare existent bringing costs for X units to what it should hold spent to do Ten units, non to what the section should hold spent to present X-1000 units or X+1000 units etc. The flexible budget provides a better chance for planning and commanding than does a inactive ( initial ) budget.