Competitive Advantage of Firms Easy Jet Case Study

Simple Jet started its activity in November 1995 with two rented airplanes and a staff made out of young people filling in as reservation operators under the initiative of its originator; Stelios. Stelios developed the carrier by calculating in on low work expenses, and low air terminal charges, by picking the less expensive Luton Airport rather than the significant universal air terminals like Gatwick and Heathrow.Advertising We will compose a custom appraisal test on Competitive Advantage of Firms: Easy Jet explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Easy Jet’s first departure from London to Glasgow was the significant advancement the organization required; offering a low passage of twenty nine pounds, it pushed Easy Jet to showcase administration position. This paper investigations the systems Easy Jet utilized to increase an upper hand in the aircraft showcase. Upper hand Strategies of Easy Jet Easy Jet’s upper hand is the key bit of leeway that one it ha d and still has over its rivals, that empowers it to produce more prominent deals and hold a bigger number of clients than its opponents. This carrier considered predominantly on costs, administrations and brand mindfulness, to increase an upper hand. Contending on costs Easy stream has a culture of limiting expenses as it offers low charges to its travelers. This culture started at its origin when Stelios started its activity with a low capital of 5,000,000 pounds; with which he rented two airplanes, a staff involving young people, and a low work low charges air terminal. This culture despite everything proceeds as the aircraft tries to limit costs at every possible opportunity, for instance; they spare fourteen pounds for each traveler by not offering supper administrations, they spare ten pounds for each traveler by flying into London’s Luton air terminal rather than the worldwide Gatwick air terminal, and they likewise spare expense by not offering business class seating. Aside from limiting costs, Easy Jet likewise searches out different wellsprings of income like the web deals, which represents about fifteen percent of their yearly incomes. They empower web deals through contribution limited charges to clients who buy their tickets over the web. The web deals likewise assist them with lessening cost that they may cause in employing extra hold specialists. This additionally causes them stay away from pointless cost like PC reservation framework, which would most likely add twenty five percent to their general working costs.Advertising Looking for evaluation on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Competing On Service In making their administration extraordinary, Stelio has gotten a rational individual to the point of taking a shot at the telephone line and selling tickets himself. He additionally peruses and gives an answer to a considerable lot of the messages he gets from his clients, teach his representatives to dress calmly, and urge them to have an open-plan office simply such as himself. He guarantees adaptability in booking, through web ticket buy or through calling the save operators through a given nearby number. Making brand mindfulness Easy Jet spends about 10% of its income on paper, radio and magazine publicizing with a push to make a name for them. This has come about into showcase separation and expanded deals. A survey in 1998 demonstrated that Easy Jet brand had eighty-eight percent acknowledgment in London and eighty-two percent in Geneva. Difficulties Easy Jet has confronted hardened rivalry from Ryan air, Go, Virgin Express, Buzz, and has battled with the choice of whether to open up to the world or stay private. It has additionally had a background marked by utilizing sub temporary workers, and re-appropriating of key capacities which has made issues like; misusing of clients by the contracted ground handlers. Be that as it ma y, in spite of these difficulties, the organizer; Stelio, has well planned on cost, rivalry, administration, and brand preferences to keep up a solid grasp in the market, and this is the thing that has made Easy Jet accomplish an upper hand in the market. This appraisal on Competitive Advantage of Firms: Easy Jet was composed and put together by client Jesse Delaney to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

A Reaction to the Article Are Poor People Responsible for Their Own Essay - 4

A Reaction to the Article Are Poor People Responsible for Their Own Poverty - Essay Example Larzelere contends â€Å"Being poor was not a decision, it was a condition achieved by the individuals in power.† Upon inspecting the substance of their individual contentions at profundity, I feel arranged to favor the side that recognizes reality of neediness as saw in actuality where when all is said in done, because of various components that impact our condition of the economy, we may not doubtlessly set out to accuse poor people. Regardless of whether the poor may, somewhat, be watched feeble in the capacity to develop themselves as far as economy, we should comprehend that they don't only battle with the money related part of living. Needy individuals think that its hard to pick up motivation from a discouraged domain they stay in for clearly, the solid nearness of indecencies, violations, savagery, and different components that take steps to demolish or corrupt the personal satisfaction in a general public bears contrary effect in their disposition toward self-awarenes s. In addition, we might not have them take the sole responsibility of fail to live with average salary and safe house for the majority of them are either those uneducated or the individuals who get however an insufficient measure of formal realizing so they scarcely have a legitimate method of deciding reasonable expert vocations or of basically utilizing themselves to be clever and continuing on in looking for some kind of employment that matches one’s arrangement of aptitudes. Jensen blames poor people for being sluggish, flippant, and unfit to deal with cash and the undertakings of consistently yet on proposing to cure this circumstance â€Å"By creating hard working attitudes and feeling some feeling of pride and responsibility for money†, we may with piercing voice aggregately ask, consequently, how? How are these less blessed residents ready to oversee at any rate knowing what ‘work ethics’ is about on the off chance that they don't have work in any case and how might they be glad for financial belonging if the minimal expenditure they have is quickly spent on fundamental necessities and nothing stays to be put something aside for the solace of future living? Larzelere shows up as rather uneven in suspecting ‘people in power’ with regards to the matter of noteworthy command over the poor which shields the last from progressing to a more significant level of self-total assets. I concur, be that as it may, to the writer’s one-sided stand in light of the fact that, taking into account the genuine events, it appears to be progressively sensible to catch in the act the individuals who are degenerate in their obtaining of significant wages with charge inconsistencies than the individuals who are paying duties negligently on the ground of working in a sporadic basis.â

Understanding Interest Rates and APR A Guide for International Students

Let’s face it: education is expensive. And that’s before adding in an international component. Few students can afford the cost of attendance with the money that’s sitting in their bank accounts – their bank, their parent’s bank, and the accounts of half a dozen close friends and family members. The chances are good that you’ll need an educational loan. (And, hey, if you manage to secure a full ride scholarship or you happen to stumble on the funds needed, we’ll happily celebrate with you.) And even though it may not appear that way at first, there are options out there. But, you should never accept the first loan that comes your way; that’s not financially responsible. It’s always a good idea to compare financing offers – whether you’re buying a home or pursuing a master’s education abroad. To do that, you’ll need to know what you should be comparing. What goes into an educational loan? At the very heart of any loan is the principal – or the amount you receive from the lender (or, in the case of Prodigy Finance loans, the amount disbursed directly to the university). Unless you are borrowing money from personal friends and family, you should expect to pay something for the privilege of borrowing these funds – this is known as interest. (And, we should note that some countries also regulate interest rates personal loans; wherever you borrow money, be sure to stay on the right side of the law to avoid stiff penalties.) Loans provided by banks, private lenders, or governments usually attach an interest rate to the principal amount rather than a flat fee. The interest rate is the money a lender makes for providing you with the capital you need. Often, interest rates are applied to the outstanding principle amount. So, if you owe $10,000 currently, your interest will be calculated using that amount multiplied by the interest rate. Next month, when you owe $9,500, your interest is calculated in the same way. And it continues to compound. And, yes, it can be as complicated as it sounds. Most loans also have additional fees built into the structure. In most cases, these are administrative fees which are applied once off at the time of loan origination (but not always as different banking systems have different norms). These aren’t principal amounts, but they’re also not interest amounts. All the same, they need to be accounted for in the cost of the loan. There are also grace periods and repayment periods that affect the total amount you will need to repay. And that’s before working in the effects of interest as it’s applied to the principal amounts over time. Comparing educational loans In an ideal world, you would look at a couple of different loans with the same principle in the same currency. (Though, if you’re considering international study, that’s probably not going to be the case.) And, if it was a simple case of principle plus interest rate, you should be able to decide which loan to take rather quickly. But it’s not an ideal world – and there are those fees, loan terms, and compound interest to consider. That’s where APR comes into play. The annual percentage rate (APR) takes into account all components of a loan so that you can compare apples to apples. It’s critical to consider APR rather than interest rates because many banks advertise their margins (which are interest rates on top of base rates) and going with the lowest advertised interest rate can be a false economy. Confused? Don’t worry; it’s easier to understand when you’ve walked through an example of APR calculations. This video from Prodigy Finance explains it clearly. Why does it matter? As you can see from Carlo’s example in the video, there can be massive differences in the total amount paid on a study loan – in many cases, it amounts to thousands of dollars (or pounds, or euros) and your future self will thank you for saving that money. Post-grad education is an investment in your future; if you consider only the principal amount disbursed or interest rates alone, you may be negating your success without realising it. Of course, as an international student, you have to find available educational financing first, and that’s not always easy. Your options are tied to the country you come from and the one you’re going to – and your credit history won’t follow you across international borders. That’s where Prodigy Finance comes into play. Prodigy Finance is a lending platform that provides postgraduate loans to international students from 150 countries attending the world’s top universities, who would otherwise have no alternative access to finance. Loans are extended according to the company’s predictive model rather than your past. Your loan amount is reflective of the amount you can earn post-MBA based on the salaries and metrics of students previously in your situation. At some schools, loans may cover the full cost of tuition; at others, it’s possible to borrow 80 percent of the total cost of attendance. It’s a little more complex than the formulas banks use, but then, international educational financing is all Prodigy Finance does. Now, celebrating its tenth anniversary, Prodigy Finance makes it possible for students to register and see how much they’ll qualify for before applying to MBA programmes. The loans are collectively funded by a community of alumni, institutional investors and qualified private investors who receive both a financial and social return. Since 2007, Prodigy Finance has provided more than US$323 million in funding to over 7,100 students with exceptionally strong repayment. Take a moment to learn more about Prodigy Finance loans and which schools are currently supported. After all, funding shouldn’t be a barrier to education – nor should it keep you up at night; your GMAT prep will do that all by itself. Katie studied human rights and graduated with a Bachelor’s degree from Kent State University while working with NGOs in Geneva, Switzerland. Although she has since settled in South Africa, with work towards a Masters in Forced Migration through the University of the Witswatersrand, nothing stops her from being a proud American. Although writing is often solitary work, Katie has been part of the  Prodigy  Finance Team as the Content Specialist since 2013. She also loves rugby, sloppy Mexican food and Tudor history which means you could find her in any section of a bookstore. Related Resources: †¢ The Importance of Creating a Strong MBA Budget †¢ Having Trouble Securing a Loan for Your International MBA? †¢Ã‚  Making International Student Loans a Prime Investment, a podcast episode * This blog post is sponsored by our friends at Prodigy Finance

What Is Disparate Impact Discrimination

Disparate impact discrimination refers to policies (often employment policies) that have an unintentional and adverse effect on members of a protected class. It is a legal theory derived from Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Lawsuits based on disparate impact seek to change procedures that seem neutral in their language and structure but harm particular groups in practice. Key Takeaways: Disparate Impact Discrimination Disparate impact discrimination occurs when a policy has an unintentional, adverse effect on members of a protected class, even if the policys language seems neutral.The Supreme Court first used disparate impact discrimination as a legal theory during Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971).The existence of disparate impact is sometimes established through the four-fifths (or 80 percent) rule.Disparate Impact has been codified in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act since 1991.Unlike disparate impact, disparate treatment refers to a purposeful discriminatory action. Origins of the Disparate Impact Theory Disparate impact discrimination arose from Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and was coined by the Supreme Court in the 1971 case, Griggs v. Duke Power Company. Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 introduced regulations against unlawful employment practices. These regulations prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The provisions extended to employers, employment agencies, labor organizations, and training programs. Title VII covers both the public and the private sector and is enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, an employer or group (as described above) cannot: take negative employment action (failing to hire, choosing to fire, or discriminating) against an individual because of the individuals race, color, religion, sex, or national origin;limit, segregate or classify employees in a way that negatively impacts their employment opportunities because of their race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Griggs v. Duke Power Company Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971) was the Supreme Court case that established disparate impact discrimination. The Supreme Court had to decide whether it was legal for the Duke Power Company to use aptitude tests to restrict promotions and transfers within the company. The company claimed that it used the tests to ensure that all of its workers were well-educated. In practice, however, the tests kept the company segregated, preventing black employees from transferring to departments that offered higher pay. The Supreme Court ruled that these tests violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 because they were unrelated to job performance and had a disparate impact on black workers. Although the language of the companys policy was neutral and not explicitly discriminatory, the policy had an adverse effect on a protected class; thus, the theory of disparate impact discrimination was established. Disparate Treatment vs. Disparate Impact In simple terms, disparate treatment refers to the actions of an employer, whereas disparate impact refers to the policies or procedures implemented by an employer. Disparate treatment occurs when an employer purposefully discriminates against an employee because that employee is a member of a protected class. In order to prove disparate treatment, an employee must show that they have been treated differently from other employees because of that protected class status. On the other hand, disparate impact occurs when an employer implements a policy that seems neutral but that has adverse effects for members of a particular protected group. In order to prove disparate impact, employees must show that their employers neutral policy has a disproportionate negative impact on members of their protected class. The Four-Fifths Rule The four-fifths rule (sometimes called the 80 percent rule) is a technique for determining whether disparate impact exists in a given scenario. Pioneered by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1972, and codified in Title VII in 1978, the rule examines the selection rate for hiring, firing, or promotion. The four-fifths rule states that the protected class may be adversely impacted by the employment decision if the selection rate of the protected class is less than four-fifths (80 percent) of the selection rate of the non-protected group. However, the four-fifths rule is only a rule of thumb and cannot be used as absolute proof of disparate impact discrimination. Example An employer receives 100 applications from women and 100 applicants from men. The employer selects 40 women and 80 men from the application pool. In order to determine whether the selection ratio demonstrates a policy that adversely impacts female applicants, follow these steps: Step 1: Determine the selection rate for each group. The selection rate for women is 40/100, or 40%. The selection rate for men is 80/100, or 80%. Step 2: Determine which group has the highest selection rate. In this example, the male group has a higher selection rate than the female group. Step 3: Divide the protected class selection rate by the highest selection rate. To determine whether the protected class selection rate is at least 80% of the non-protected class rate, divide the protected class selection rate by whichever selection rate is higher. In this case, the male groups selection rate is higher, so well divide the female groups rate by the male groups rate. 40% divided by 80% is 50%, meaning that the female groups selection rate is 50% of the male groups selection rate. 50% is significantly less than 80%, which suggests that women may be adversely impacted in this hiring process if the company does not have a legal reason for the difference in ratio. Disparate Impact Discrimination and the Supreme Court The following Supreme Court cases represent some of the most significant legal developments related to disparate impact discrimination. Washington v. Davis (1976) Washington v. Davis limited the legal theory of disparate impact. The Supreme Court ruled that plaintiffs cannot bring disparate impact claims on a constitutional basis under the Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause. Ward’s Packing Cove v. Antonio (1989) Ward’s Pack Cove v. Antonio shifted the burden of proof in a disparate impact lawsuit from the respondents to the plaintiffs. According to the majority opinion, in order to prevail in a Title VII claim, plaintiffs need to demonstrate: specific business practices and their impact;that the practice is not necessary to conducting business; andthat the company refused to adopt different, non-discriminatory practices   Two years later, Title VII of the 1991 Civil Rights Act, which officially added disparate impact to the act, removed the condition of Wards Packing Cove that required plaintiffs to prove that an employment practice was not necessary to conducting business. However, it failed to provide plaintiffs with a process for legally showing disparate impact discrimination. Ricci v. DeStefano (2009) In Ricci v. DeStefano, the Supreme Court ruled that employers taking discriminatory actions in order to avoid a disparate impact lawsuit need a strong basis to prove that not taking the action would, in fact, result in such a lawsuit. The case arose from a police departments claim that they promoted black candidates over white candidates, even when white candidates test scores were higher, because they feared being subject to a disparate impact liability if they promoted more white candidates based on test scores. According to the Supreme Court, the department did not have a strong enough basis to claim that their discriminatory action was necessary. Sources â€Å"Disparate Impact: Unintentional Discrimination.†Ã‚  American Bar Association, 26 July 2018, www.americanbar.org/groups/young_lawyers/publications/the_101_201_practice_series/disparate_impact_unintentional_discrimination/.â€Å"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.†Ã‚  U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/titlevii.cfm.Guerin, Lisa. â€Å"Disparate Treatment Discrimination.†Ã‚  Nolo, 27 June 2013, www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/disparate-treatment-discrimination.html.Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971).Ricci v. DeStefano, 557 U.S. 557 (2009).Tobia, Kevin. â€Å"Disparate Statistics.†Ã‚  The Yale Law Journal, vol. 126, no. 8, June 2017, www.yalelawjournal.org/note/disparate-statistics.Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229 (1976).Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 490 U.S. 642 (1989).

Diversity And Public Administration By Harvey L. White And...

In the book entitled, Diversity and Public Administration by Harvey L. White and Mitchell F. Rice , White and Rice (2010) stated challenges will form from changes in demographics which are affecting the demands of delivery and visions of products and services. Since 2000, minority population has increased dramatically. In result of minority population increasing, public organizations have a more diverse work environment. In the workplace, diversity can be a benefit. According to the article entitled , â€Å"Advantages and Disadvantages of Diversity in the Workplace† by David Ingram, Ingram(2015) stated that by have a diverse workplace allows the company to utilize their employees’ cultural difference to strengthen the organizations’ productivity. Another advantage of diverse workplace is that it increase employee’s personal growth. By employees being expose to cultural difference and new ideas, this allows employees to have global perspective on how to conduct business (Ingram,2015). Diversity can also have disadvantages in the workforce. One of the disadvantages is the ability of employees to respect each other cultural differences. Diverse workplace has to endure several challenges and issues. One of the challenges of organizations having diverse working environment is gerontology. Managers concerns with workers being older is that they do not have ability to learn and adjust to new policies and methods. In the public organizations, age is a challenge becauseShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesTitle. 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A Single Youth Culture Essay Research Paper free essay sample

A Single Youth Culture? Essay, Research Paper Youth civilization and young person subcultures have been a topic of research since the early 1930s. It is most surely true today that there is non one remarkable young person civilization but a assortment of different young person subcultures. The 90 # 8217 ; s can non be described as the same as the 60 # 8217 ; s or 70 # 8217 ; s or even the 80 # 8217 ; s.There are many grounds put frontward by sociologists for this such as there are more manners available today, media influences us more and there is a higher disposable income per family to pass on manners. This paper will research the grounds behind the being of young person civilizations in old old ages and why the same format has non occured in the 1990 # 8217 ; s. Defining # 8216 ; youth # 8217 ; can be hard and is described in the Concise Oxford Dictionary as: # 8220 ; the province of being immature, the period between childhood and grownup age # 8221 ; # 8211 ; Oxford Dictionary ( 1990 ) . This would bespeak that young person is described as an age group and people can be distinguished by the different age groups. However, it could be questioned that non all kids stop being kids at the same clip. Frith describes youth as # 8220 ; non merely an age group, but the societal organisation of an age group # 8221 ; Sociologists of young person, harmonizing to Frith, describe young person civilization as # 8220 ; the manner of life shared by immature people # 8221 ; . Subculture, as defined in the Concise Oxford Dictionary, is a # 8216 ; cultural group within a larger civilization frequently holding beliefs or involvements at discrepancy with those of the larger civilization # 8217 ; . This would connote that a subculture is a subdivision of a national civilization ; it exists between the parametric quantities of certain civilizations. TalcottParsons saw youth subcultures normally holding of import positive maps in easing the passage from childhood to full grownup life in matrimony and occupational position. It would look that the bulk of people leave these young person subcultures at some latter point, frequently at the point of matrimony, therefore Parsons theory could be justified. Empirical observation carried out by sociologists find that youth sub-cultures have a distinguishable single manner. They have certain ways of dressing ( i.e. places, vesture and hairdos ) , talking ( i.e. slang ) , listening to music and assemblage in similar topographic points i.e. rockerss at race meetings and bars and ravers at dance nines or out-of-door raves. It is so assumed that shared activities reflect shared values. Firth states that # 8220 ; civilization is all learned behaviour which has been socially acquired # 8221 ; To concentrate on the rockerss of the 60 # 8217 ; s seems suiting. This was one big young person civilization and still exists is a smaller subdivision of society. It could be said that non all rockerss today portion the same values and bask the same activities as do the 60s manner of rockerss. This could be because members of the subculture interrupt away from a peculiar group or neer # 8216 ; join # 8217 ; in the first topographic point. Age could hold deductions here ; the passage from young person to grownup may find how long a member stays in one peculiar subculture. Although there are discrepancies of bike-boys they were loosely from a working category background and were seen as foreigners and lone wolfs linked by the love of motor-bikes and heavy stone music. Their manner was masculine and their visual aspect was aggressive. The motor-cycle cogwheel looked tough with its leather he-man, jean and heavy leather boots. Hair was worn long in a oily swept-back manner and many were tattooed on the custodies, weaponries and thorax. A typical eventide for the motorcycle male childs would dwell of substitutions of the same activities: a drink and a game of darts in their local saloon, a game of pinball and a java in the java saloon and general horseplay and yak in a nine. Paul Willis conducted an ethnographic survey of a group of rockerss during the 70s and described the group as being about all male and from typical working category backgrounds. The composing of Willis # 8217 ; s group revealed members working backgrounds included scaffolders, foundry workers, pupils, a milkman and a figure of unemployed. However, it could be argued that today # 8217 ; s rockerss come from a assortment of category and professional backgrounds from bricklayers to bankers. In Britain, the general frights about immature people and young person subcultures have been focused on working category young person manners. The immature people concerned, harmonizing to Frith # 8220 ; come from working category households and vicinities, have a on the job category experience of turning up, in lower watercourse of school and leave every bit shortly as possible frequently going unemployed or traveling through a sequenc e on dead-end jobs. # 8217 ; This appeared to be the instance in Willis # 8217 ; s survey which seemed to follow a Marxist position. However different young person groups are from each other, i.e. rockerss as opposed to the more # 8216 ; recent # 8217 ; ravers, they appear to shock # 8217 ; straight # 8217 ; society and are frequently labelled pervert or delinquent. Young person has been seen as a # 8217 ; societal job # 8217 ; for at least one hundred old ages. Analysis of youth civilization in Britain has been influenced chiefly by Marxist idea. Marx believed all civilizations are produced by # 8217 ; societal conditions # 8217 ; and that these # 8217 ; societal conditions # 8217 ; depend upon societal category and the jobs societal category provides ; age, harmonizing to Marx, was besides a subscriber. It is just to state that societal conditions have greatly improved in Britain since the 1960 # 8217 ; s and societal category seems about a thing of the past with John Major # 8217 ; s # 8216 ; classless society # 8217 ; and Tony Blair claiming that we are # 8216 ; all in-between category # 8217 ; . If a youth civilization is attatched to a societal category and societal categories are now partially disintegrated so this explains why there has been no significant young person civilization in a decennary. Although rockerss, as a subculture, still exist today, it would look that alterations have been made as to the composing of members within the subculture ; their values, beliefs and shared activities. The # 8216 ; ravers # 8217 ; from the 1880ss are a good illustration of another post-war young person civilization. During the late 80s, immature people with bandanas, brilliantly coloured apparels and a deranged expression in their eyes were being presented as the following young person subculture. For the ravers ( besides known as clubbers ) the shared experience is go toing a rave and perchance taking rapture which has become synonymous wi th the rave civilization. This is frequently the lone thing ravers have in common with each other unlike other subcultures. These parties, where extended usage of stroboscope lighting and psychedelic imagination was used, were attended by immature males and females stereotypically dressed in loose-fitting outsize Jerseies, path suits and loose-fitting denims. The apparels were comfy, brilliantly gap oured and cheap. The intensive dancing to fast beating music, along with the use of hypnotic drugs, went hand-in-hand. This style of clothing suited excessive body movement, however, this fashion style began to change. With interest coming from the fashion industry, the style began to change and evolve. Baggy clothes for girls were replaced by tight body-hugging outfits made of materials such as lycra emphasising appearance rather than comfort and practicality. It is difficult to define the common experiences that lead people to go to raves. It could be that many youths wanted a form of ‘escapism’ to get away from the norms of every day life or problems like unemployment. Most ravers only attend raves or clubs at the weekend; it could be argued that rave is more a leisure pursuit as opposed to a subculture. Ravers appear to cut across all social divisions, classes, gender and age. Unlike the 60s bikers, ravers are not exclusive to the working class, the unemployed or d ominated by male members. It is difficult to make analogies between the common experiences of an eighteen year old student and a thirty year old computer analyst both attending raves on a Saturday night Willis argues that the age of spectacular subcultures are gone for good. This is because there are so many style and taste cultures which offer young people different ways of expressing their identity. He claims that there is too much diversity for any single youth subculture to dominate society. The growth of capitalist culture and leisure industries has meant that all young people now have access to the cultural resources they need to engage in ’symbolic creativity’ in their leisure time. Basically, youth culture has become complicated. There are so many different theories now that they could easily come into doubt. It would seem that, when comparing the two different subcultures, that patterns and common beliefs differ and have changed over the last 20 years. Bikers had a tighter sense of belonging to their subculture than the more recent ravers. Society appears to be so complex now; there seems to be a wider social system with changes in class, occupational structure, neighborhood structure and family and leisure patterns. Today’s youth subcultures point to an interweaving of style with gender, class and age which follows a more contemporary outlook as opposed to some of the classic theories. Under post-modern conditions, identities appear to be in a constant state of change: individuals move freely from one sub-cultural group and enthusiasm to another; they mix and match what were formerly distinct categories like the 60s bikers. Style, enjoyment, excitement, escape from boredom at work or play, being attractive to ones self have now become central life concerns. Media also plays a great part in the prevention of a nw youth culture forming. Nowadays young people have access to the ‘back catalogue’ of previous forms of musi c and subcultural styles through television stations and magazines. Subcultural dress now becomes a matter of surface style. Furthermore, during the 1980s, market researchers began to change ways in which they saw the various groups of consumers. This change in the way in which consumption patterns are perceived by market researchers from being seen as influenced by socio-economic class to being seen as influenced by life-cycle stages. Mike Featherstone has written: â€Å"The term life-style is currently in vogue. While the term has a more restricted sociological meaning in reference to the distinctive style of life of specific status groups, within contemporary consumer culture it connotes individuality, self expression, and a stylistic self-consciousness. Ones body, clothes, speech, leisure pastimes, eating and drinking preferences, home, car, choice of holidays, etc. are to be regarded as indicators of the individuality of taste and sense of style of the owner/consumer. In contr ast to the designation of the 1950s as an era of grey conformism, a time of mass consumption, changes in production techniques, market segmentation and consumer demand for a wider range of products, are often regarded as making possible greater choice (the management of which becomes an art form) not only for the youth of the post 1960s generation, but increasingly for the middle aged and the elderly†¦..we are moving towards a society without fixed status groups in which the adoption of styles of life (manifest in choice of clothes, leisure activities, consumer goods, bodily disposition) which are fixed to specific groups have been surpassed. It is also worth noting that in recent years the subcultures that have occured have been seen to be deviant such as the skinheads, ravers, football ‘hooligans’ and punks. Two different, yet similar, deviant groups can be used to describe the entire deviant subculture. Those who classify themselves as punks and anarchists are o ne type and those that spout â€Å"free love† and peace (hippies) are another type of deviant subculture. The first group chooses to be social outcasts because of a hatred of norms. This group attempts to destroy society and with it the means for bettering it. They believe in a type of anarchy that stems from loathing toward excepted values and refuse to get jobs or even conform to society in the most basic ways. Hippies on the other hand choose a method of peace and tranquility, believing that people should all love one another and anarchy would be beautiful if everyone could simply understand how to live at peace with themselves and nature. Although both groups believe in anarchy one chooses hate and aggression to show their views while the other uses love and passive resistance to demonstrate theirs. Both of these groups have a very specific and useful function in a society. They both show the need for change in a radical way, acting as a catalyst for social change. Howeve r, nowadays it is valid to say that there are other ways of expressing our hatred of norms. There are political parties and pressure groups to join, there are a number of relaxational therapies available and the use of psychologists is much more widespread. All hope of meaningful cultural activity is denied; young people face a future in which any genuine radicalism is quickly incorporated into the commercial marketing system and used to sell more commodities. Although there are a number of subcultures left in today’s society such as ’surfies’, ‘townies’ and people who follow the grunge movement, there is no singular youth culture left.

Microscope observation of animal and plant cells Essay Example

Microscope observation of animal and plant cells Essay Cells represent the make up of our being as well as many other organisms whether they are unicellular or multicultural. Cells can also be complex or quite simplistic in design and contents, depending on the purpose of its function in an organism. Typically when studying cells some form of magnifications must be used to see the finest details of the cell, microscopes are used due to constraints in human eyes that only allow us to see to so much. In essence their use is to see what the eye cannot. This may include processes such as mitosis, phagotycosis and other forms of transport within the cell. Even though microscopes aid in viewing cellular content what can be seen my be limited due to the sizes of the actual organelles, or the types of stains used to highlight organelles within the cell. For example mitochondria cannot be seen with a standard lab light microscope. When scientist want to view the contents of a cell there are 2 main types of microscopes they use Light and Electron. All depending on the budget they have and the detail needed will determine which they would use. In this experiment we will make use of the light microscope.  Method  As per schedule until the cell is stained with Eosin, which instead of 2 minutes it was left for 20 seconds. Apart from this alteration the method is as per schedule Results  In this experiment we were not looking for actually results of tests, but here are the findings from viewing the microscope.  Cheek cell  Onion  Stomata.  All of the specimens where viewed under x100 magnification, this is achieved by the lenses on the eye piece producing x10 and then the objective lenses producing an additional x10 with in turn give x100 magnification.  Discussion  The focus of this practical involved making use of epithial tissue in animals and surface tissue in plants. There are different types of epithial cells the ones from the cheek cell are squamous epithelial cells. They form the epithial tissues that are continuous sheets, which cover most structures or cavities within the body.i We will write a custom essay sample on Microscope observation of animal and plant cells specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Microscope observation of animal and plant cells specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Microscope observation of animal and plant cells specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Due to the limitations of the light microscopes, we are only able to observe some of the organelles within the 3 structures we viewed. To do this it involved making use of dyes to make parts of the cells visible. The two stains used were Haematoxylin and Eosin these are commonly referred to as HE stain. They are blue and red respectively. They both have separate functions and are used in conjunction to indentify different parts of the cell.  Haematoxylin is known as the basic stain as it identifies acidic material within in cells by turning them blue. Such structures include nucleic acid and nuclear material. These are then referred to as basophilic although some scientist debate on the use of the word.ii The counter part of haematoxylin is eosin, in opposition it is acidic and turns basic material within the cell red or a pink colour, depending on the concentration of eosin used. Parts of the cell thats are affected by eosin include the cytoplasm, because of its basic nature.  Haematoxylin is not really regarded as an actually a dye although this is debatable by some, where as eosin is an acid dye. Haematoxylin is able to develop colour-like properties when oxidized. Because of their different properties they both sow their importance in staining because of their characteristics.  As stated within the practical organelles were limited to what could be seen with the light microscope. An electron microscope would have highlighted organelles such as Golgi body, mitochondria etc. in three dimensions. Reference: Barbour, M. et al. (1997) Biology. London: Collins Educational http://protocolsonline.com/histology/haematoxylin-eosin-he-staining/ accessed on 17/11/2010 http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/MoreAbout/stains.html accessed on 17/11/2010

Oskar Shindler essays

Oskar Shindler essays Schindler, Oskar (1908-74), German businessman whose fame rests on his remarkable rescue of more than 1,000 Jews during the Nazi Holocaust. Oskar Schindler was born in the Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia. He moved to Poland in 1930 and made a fortune in Krakw. He saved 1,200 Polish Jews from the Nazi death camps by employing them at a munitions factory he opened using Jewish labor. The factory had been a bankrupt manufacturer of enamelware when Schindler bought it and used it to fill military contracts. In 1944, Schindler moved the factory and all of the workers to Moravia when the Red Army was closing in on Krakw. The story of Schindler's achievement was told in a 1982 book, 'Schindler's Ark', by Thomas Keneally, which was made into the highly successful motion picture 'Schindler's List' by filmmaker Steven Spielberg in 1993. The film won the Academy award for best picture as well as many other awards. Schindler moved to Argentina in 1949 with his wife, Emilie, and his German mistress. He had no financial success after the war. In fact, he started a nutria farm in Argentina that failed and a cement factory in Germany that also went bankrupt. Schindler abandoned both his wife and his mistress and moved back to Germany in 1958. When he became destitute and faced debtor's prison, Schindler called on the Jews that he had saved, and they sent him money. He traveled to Israel in the early 1960s and received such a warm welcome from the survivors and their families that he returned every year. He spent six weeks on each visit, which were paid for by the "Schindlerjuden" (Schindler Jews). Even for the people he saved, it was difficult to conceive why Schindler had risked his life to save the Jews. He had a well-earned reputation for drinking, gambling, and womanizing, and he had a comfortable relationship with the Nazis. Liam Neeson, the actor who played him in the film, believed that Schindler was possessed with...

Annotated Bibliography for Journal of Economic Perspectives

Shiller, R.J., 2010. Speculative prices and popular models. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4(2), pp.55-65. The author provides the reader with rational expectations, especially in the economic revolution. People hold a lot of expectations for future economic variables, which influence their fundamental purchase behaviors. When prices drop, it is evident that demand in the market increases. Consumers will rush to satisfy their preferences with the affordable commodity at that time. When prices increase, demand decreases, as consumers tend to withdraw their constant purchase behaviors and only consume what is available and affordable at that time. This source highlights the rational expectations model, and the author emphasizes the importance of businesses to relate to gross oversimplification. Profitability will not increase when prices are increased, without considering the purchase ability of prospective consumers. This is a credible source, and the article goes ahead to highlight significance in understanding how the markets work, for the sake of making decisions based on speculations. Market dynamics should be studied and interpreted for business success. IMF. 2017. Supply and Demand: Why Markets Tick Retrieved from: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/suppdem.htm The source provides information in regards to the different forms of transactions which take place in the market. In most cases, buyer –seller relationships and availability dictate the market prices, as well as trends which affect the profitability of all market participants. This is a credible source as it explains the different competitive models in the market, such as perfect competition, oligopoly market features, monopolistic market and monopolies which dominate trade in the market. The author provides distinct information in regards to quantities, determining aspects of prices, and what suppliers are willing to offer a different price ranges in the markets. The main benefit of this source is that it complements all other research work in the same field, which makes it credible. This website source helps the reader to understand different price impacts on market demand. The market conditions always need to be safeguarded, not to oppress the small scale trader and at the same time, maintain optimal levels of competition. Connor, D. 2017. Why Falling Home Prices Could Be a Good Thing Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/10/upshot/popping-the-housing-bubbles-in-the-American-mind.html This magazine article helps a long way, in helping the reader to understand the market specifics and dynamics which help shape competition and efficient market structures. The author engages the reader in rhetoric. For example, the article begins by asking; supposing there was a way which can be used to pump up the economy, for the sake of reducing inequality, would this be of help in ending depression? This magazine article helps in the identification of the impact of lowering prices both for consumers and businesses. Homes have been used to symbolize the largest assets and the ones considered most significant by the citizens in the nation. While some of these are luxuries, some are necessities such as food and clothing. According to this source, businesses cannot just thrive through a reduction in prices of their commodities. For profitability to be realized, a lot of other strategies need to be combined with a price reduction, for the sake of success.   Batra, R.N. and Ullah, A., 2014. Competitive firm and the theory of input demand under price uncertainty. Journal of Political Economy, 82(3), pp.537-548. This journal article is a credible source of information. First, the behavior of the competitive business has been emphasized, as well as the problems facing the same analyzed. Making decisions under tight economic times has proven to be very difficult for most organizations. The input demand function is downward sloping, but this only happens when the production function is also at its best. This source is highly relevant and beneficial to use, considering the ability of the author to examine firm behavior. It also highlights contributions made by other theorists, which makes it entirely relevant. The question of demand, price, and profitability has been approached from different angles. The focus of this source is about the impact of a drop in prices, which may either lead to profitability or losses. Demand and supply functions are essential in determining the profitability of organizations in the competitive industry.   Economics. Supply- Demand Market Equilibrium. Retrieved from: https://thismatter.com/economics/market-equilibrium.htm After considerable review of this source, it is evident that it cannot be termed credible in the research process. The topic under consideration has been sufficiently addressed by the source. However, a lot of weaknesses are still evident hence making it less adequate for the process. For example, the source does not have an author who can claim responsibility for the material.   It is only website specific but does not have details on its day of publication, author, publisher or even its complementary sources. The source explains how price increases lead to a shortage of buyers, leading to decreased demand in the long run. The aspects of equilibrium quantity and price have also been addressed. There is a need to adhere to all relevant aspects which make a source credible.   Data provided in the source is adequate and correct, but cannot be considered peer reviewed. Shiller, R.J., 2010. Speculative prices and popular models. The Journal of Economic  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perspectives, 4(2), pp.55-65. IMF. 2017. Supply and Demand: Why Markets Tick. Retrieved from:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/suppdem.htm Conor, D. 2017. Why Falling Home Prices Could Be a Good Thing. Retrieved from:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/10/upshot/popping-the-housing-bubbles-in-the   American-mind.html Batra, R.N. and Ullah, A., 2014. Competitive firm and the theory of input demand under price  Ã‚  Ã‚   uncertainty. Journal of Political Economy, 82(3), pp.537-548. Economics. Supply- Demand Market Equilibrium. Retrieved from:   https://thismatter.com/economics/market-equilibrium.htm

The Global Drug Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Global Drug Trade - Essay Example The global narcotics traffic once contained to Europe and America, exploded as heroin production shifted to the South-East Asian market. The once straightforward drug route of Marseille-New York shifted to a complex web of global trafficking that â€Å"tied rising First World consumption to spreading Third world production† (McCoy 2003). On the supply end, developing countries were undergoing economic hardship and people were searching for lucrative solutions to supplement their incomes. Organized crime and drug cartels emerged to capitalize on this growing market. Increased production resulted in ``increased trafficking and availability of drugs in developed countries and transit countries, thus contributing to an overall spread and expansion of demand`` (Reichel 2004). By the 1980s, drugs were wreaking havoc on local communities across the globe. In North America, cocaine was the drug of choice, both for South American cartels and global consumers. Panama, Columbia, and Mexi co became huge producers of cocaine with transit routes passing through Central America and into the U.S and Canada. Crack, a cheaper and more addictive version of cocaine emerged and with devastating consequences to poor communities. By 1986, the American â€Å"war on drugs† was in full swing, with the Reagan Administration pouring 1.7 billion into the cause (Frontline 2008). While the U.S struggled to deal with the increasing prevalence of cocaine and crack, Europe was battling against a growing heroin problem. e problem. Switzerland in particular was facing "one of the highest rates of heroin addiction in Europe" (Foulkes 2008) According to McCoy, during the 1980s, Afghanistan became Europe's main opium supplier, due primarily to CIA covert operations that served to transform southern Asia from a self-contained opium zone into a major supplier of heroin for the world market. He states: "CIA intervention provided the political protection and logistic linkages that joined Afghanistan's poppy fields to heroin markets in Europe and America" (McCoy 1991). Although the war on drugs made headway in combating drug use in the North America, by the 1990s, the production and consumption of drugs was on the rise again. This time due, primarily, to the end of the Cold War. TRENDS IN GLOBAL DRUG TRAFFICKING With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the former Soviet countries were in a state of economic collapse. The result was complex but included: "the shipment of

Shear Force Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Shear Force Report - Coursework Example Loading of the beam I assumed to be equally spread along the length of the beam, such that the shear force acting on a point is a ration of the portions. Considering figure 1, the theoretical shear force is given by: From the results of experiment 1, the relationship between the variable load and shear force is linear. This is as indicated by the theoretical plot for the same conditions. The relationship indicates that an increase in the loading results in an increase in the amount of shear force experienced at the cut. The error that is generated from the experiment falls within 0.5 N. Only at the origin, no load, recordings are the experimental and theoretical recordings similar, as in all the other instances the theoretical load is always lower than the experimental shear load. Errors in the recorded data may arise due to the systemic and methodology errors. The milieu in which the experiment was done such as wind, may have affected the readings, and resulted in an error, the digital meter may also be suffering from interference and thus a fluctuating read out. From experiment 2, the reactions differ with the nature of the arrangement. The readings from the digital meter indicate that both distance and load have an effect on the reactions. The reaction of hangers closer to the loading is higher from that of the hangers further away. The errors of the experiment are in the range of 0.6 N, and the error is both positive and negative. The experimental shear force in the experiments is both lesser and more than the experimental forces. Deepening on the placement of the load, the reaction is either in the same direction or against the direction of loading thus the negative and positive nature. Force is a scalar quantity that has both magnitude and direction, hence the negative or positive nature. The reaction of loading, in shear force, relies on the distance from the point of

Roberts Frosty Woods - Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening :: Stopping Woods Snowy Evening

Robert's Frosty Woods The mood of Robert Frost's "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" is artfully set by saying "the only other sound's the sweep / of easy wind and downy flake" (11-12). These lines convey they beautiful tranquillity of solitude. Many critics argue that the dark woods of the poem symbolize death. It is equally as valid to say that the poet is describing the joy experiencing a peaceful moment to him; the relaxing mood of the poem as well as the realization that the traveler must move on provide evidence contrary to the interpretation that the woods symbolize death. A relaxing calming mood prevails in "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening". The only reference to sound is "the sweep / of easy wind and downy flake" (11-12). There is complete silence with the exception of this beautiful sound; there is no loud cacophony to imply the violence of death. The prevailing visual imagery is of a lovely wintry scene; at one point the woods are described as "lovely, dark, and deep" (16). This visual scene further contributes to the restful feel of the poem. The persona's only companion is his horse; this adds a solitary feel to the poem which when combined with the vivid imagery show the peacefulness of a moment alone. The title "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" implies that this is a visit to the woods as opposed to a final resting-place. If this were the final destination, the title "Stopping in the Woods" or "Stopping at the Woods" would be more appropriate. Because the "horse must think it queer / to stop without a farmhouse near," (5-6) there must be some continuation to the journey; otherwise it would not seem odd to the horse to stop. The final lines "and miles to go before I sleep, / and miles to go before I sleep" (18-19) provide further evidence that there will be more to this journey; the depicted scene is only a resting-place. Poetry interpretation in inherently personal due to the abstract nature of poetic language; what may be a valid interpretation for one reader might be completely meaningless to another.

Neil Postman: Amusing Ourselves to Death

Neil Postman was a special type of a man and considered that he was not an expert on anything, and yet he was ready to express his opinion on every subject under the sun. The person's mind was continuously working at jokes, headlines and different ideas. This infected an individual when he met Mr. Postman and that could be responded to only with humor, and even that was likely to bring out more ideas. There were a lot of people who knew him – in excess of a hundred thousand or so – had first met his humor. This was also reflected in the books that he wrote. Each of these is also a source of propaganda for his views and written like an essay. The first was â€Å"The Disappearance of Childhood† in 1982, and this was on the infantile nature of American culture. The next book was in 1985 and a satire on entertainment and was named â€Å"Amusing Ourselves to Death†. The last was in 1993 called â€Å"technopoly† and this criticized the fall of culture to technology. He had an excellent intellectual pose along with poise in public meetings and all this rode on the back of his capacity for humor. He always felt that he was the civilized man in a barbaric setting. This setting gradually changed into television and was concerned with the dots, and pursued him all his life. Now let us look at what is this television and how it connects with people. In the United States it first started transmission in New York and the British play, â€Å"The Man with the Flower in His Mouth† was broadcast there in July 1930. Thus one can say that television started off in the heart of United States and the television station was located in South Eastern New York at the mouth of the Hudson River. The station began broadcasting seven days a week on July 21, 1931. This was a television channel or station that broadcast on the terrestrial mode as that was the only mode available then. The bandwidth was then highly confined and this led to a high control by the government. Yet, from the beginning television has been highly used for advertising. Organizing the TV programs that are to be broadcast can be worked out either as a direct production by the manufacturers and then selling to the station that intends to buy it. Sometimes the production itself is paid for by the TV station that will show it. (Television) In other cases the station issues a license to the producers to produce the show for the channel. The show is sometimes carried on in other centers after the show is over on the main channel. In TV terminology this is called secondary programming usage. The secondary shows may be in the original country where the show was produced or in other countries from where the channels are interested in the show. The shows may be controlled by the original producer or not depending on the agreement. Sometimes a group of TV stations run some common programs in their own interest, or through an individual. This is called syndication and the show may be sold by the producers themselves or their agents. Yet with all this it has been seen that doctors recommend that children should only see TV for an hour or two at the maximum in the day. Excess of TV viewing is known to cause various diseases like ADD, excessive weight and heart problems. These may lead to diabetes or excess aggression. Thus it is clear that viewing of Television is not recommended in a high dosage for anybody, and the problem in our country is made worse by the situation of having a number of stations at every town or city due to the possibility of multiple channels being available now. These channels can also be seen on the set through a cable and the customer only has to pay a monthly fee. This is the problem that was envisaged by Postman quite a few years ago, and possibly he foresaw the worsening of the situation due to the advent of cable TV. The problem was also made clear by the decline of the family in the country and as a result the children are being left with only one parent. Most of the time, the single parent is working and is not able to attend to the child when the child comes back from school. These let the child free with the television and see any program of their choice. (Television) Neil Postman is an authority on children and has written many books about different subjects. These are mostly concentrated on education, as he was a teacher himself. He has written on the crisis in the schools, the effect of Television on our public and political life and the nature of modern childhood and education. He has taken the position of conscientiously objecting to whatever he saw being harmful to the society. In certain cases he has pointed out institutionalized mistakes or organizational stupidity and asked for their solution. Throughout the West, there has been the concept of three stages in life – infancy, childhood and adulthood. This had gone undisturbed for 350 years, but is now being questioned by a new element in the communicational facilities – television. This is seriously disturbing as the contents of life that would be normally faced by adults are now being made open to the children through this new medium. The children do not have to go through the portals of adulthood for reaching this information. Earlier this was being protected by the adults through certain secrets that are known to adults, but not revealed to children till they reached the appropriate age. These secrets are the social, political and sexual secrets that an adult must know. At the same time Television reveals all these secrets at once, and this makes it difficult to control the socialization of the young among themselves. This is making the young less discernible from adults. Stirring Up Trouble about Technology, Language, and Education) In the past there was a time when alcoholism was seen only among adults, and not at all among children. Today it is common to see child alcoholics. The same situation exists among children for drugs and it is quite common among children. The same situation exists for sex and sexual disease and this is seen from the total crime statistics. There are a number of figures that show the young being involved in crime today while this was not the situation even in 1959 as the figures for crime by people under the age of 18 shows. Thus it is clear that television is making the concept of childhood as being different from adulthood being different extremely difficult to sustain in North America, and childhood is disappearing from that region of the world. At the same time, there some parents who are well off and if they know what is happening to the child may still provide him or her with a childhood. This requires the parents to be very careful on the influences of the media on the child, among other factors. The problem is that not many parents can meet those conditions, and the influence of television among media is still rising. As mentioned earlier, there are many single parent houses in America and their difficulties have already been discussed. Even when there are two parents, both of them are working at the same time and that stops them from being able to give enough time to the children for socializing. This transfers the socializing exercise to the television set, and many of them are unable to control the channels that the children see or what films they see, or even know what records they have. These activities require the parents to have a lot of time for the child, and advise the child. Yet not many parents find the time for that. Thus for the children to have a childhood, the parents must spend a lot of time with the child. On the other hand many parents are too busy and there children get the required education from the advertising of NBC, CBS, Steven Spielberg, Coca-Cola and Proctor and Gamble. In certain countries television is being controlled – Denmark. They have now limited the extent of commercials that an advertiser supported station can have. These stations are not permitted to have advertisements on cigarettes, liquor, beer, banks, medicine, religious organizations, political organizations, or even advertisements aimed at children. Also, in Denmark, the television operates for the full 24 hours in a day. But, it is not possible for this to happen in the United States as the Americans would feel it is very restrictive, apart from the ideology of the present day administration. The present day administration may even be called the extreme type of free market supporters. This has not started today and even Ronald Reagan was not conservative, and he was probably as oriented to the free market as is the present President Bush. They are all willing to get as much out of technology as possible in terms of gains of dollars. Thus there is no chance of any restriction being put on the hours of operation of the Television through any social policy. This attitude goes on in Americans well beyond the limits of television and is being applied by them even in the case of computer technology. The issue is not of one particular technology, but the general question of using technology for financial gain to extreme limits, or no limits. (Stirring Up Trouble about Technology, Language, and Education) It can be said that in the exploitation of technology, there are no limits in America and they generally do not have any concerns about the psychological and social effects. They are just interested in knowing what the new technology can do. They are not concerned about the effects of the new technology in changing the social or cultural behaviors of the citizens. This is reflected in Sesame Street which makes the children get more attached to television than school. The concerned program is well prepared and makes the maximum possible use of a visual image based medium. When the makers of the program say that the program will make the children like school it is only right in the sense that the children will like school if it is a show like Sesame Street. The show is probably helping the children learn the elements that are taught in school like the letters and the numbers, yet at the same time, it is also giving the children some built in impressions about school. This is teaching the children that school must be entertaining, and that images have to form the basic of learning. It also gives the children that feeling that learning is immediately rewarded by getting of rewards in some form or the other. The impressions which are built into the children turn out to be more important than the learning that they get, and that is the problem. The children learn the numbers and letters in other forms also, and that also happens within the expected time, but the normal learning process does not build in these difficulties. It is often said that these methods of education make the children more intelligent, but that is a moot question to answer as the differences in intelligence are hard to define and their benefits are also hard to judge. The question of intelligence is easy to be used, as nobody probably understands what we are trying to say, but it is much easier to understand when we say that a person is stupid. It is possible that the technology available in the computer will help the technology of printing to a large extent, and that would be a service. It also increases the thinking by the children as to program a computer the child has to think quite a lot. Yet the total effect that this would cause is rather difficult to guess. (Stirring Up Trouble about Technology, Language, and Education) Technological development has had a very big impact and much more so when the development has been on the matters of information and communication. They have great impacts in terms of socialization, ways of thinking and methods of learning. A lot of these changes have taken place in the latter part of the 20th century and this brings up the question of defining the new Child of the Information Age. Some people may be defining all the children of today as Children of the Information Generation with television, computer games and video games. This had also been the thinking of Neil Postman, and he believed that this made the child cross puberty physically but never reach maturity. Thus they loose their childhood but are then are lost to mankind. The phrase â€Å"technology development† normally refers to the development of tools and these are being developed from the time that men have started on the path to development. (Children of the Information Age: A Reversal of Roles) Until the seventeenth century, tools of a more primitive kind were being used by all civilizations. Not that all countries were using the same tools and some had only spears and cooking utensils available to them. On the other side, others had water mills, coal and horse power. At the same time, these tools were not intended to change the civilization which had brought them into existence, and they were not intended to attack. Thus the tools did not stop people from believing in their versions of god, politics, and methods of education or their methods of social organization. (Kaplan, 34) Some cultures and religions believe that television is intruding into their religion and the use of television is banned by some sections of believers in Islam in some parts of the world. In the world of today, children and adults see the same movies thanks to television and highlighted by Postman. They all get into telephone romances; get informed about the same pop music and the same computer games. These come through both the television and the computer. This results in the adults never growing up and becoming more childish as time goes on. The children become more mature as they are exposed to all matters of adulthood, or at least seem so. This adulthood is only superficial and not emotional, as the amount of information to be passed on to the child should be passed on in a controlled manner by the concerned adult, as otherwise, the concept of being a child will end. This gradually stops the clear line of demarcation between adults and children, and the sense of independence and responsibility also becomes unclear. This is highlighted by Postman who describes the present day children as living between illusion and realty. This has also made the adults loose most of their authority, and it is a world without borders. (Children of the Information Age: A Reversal of Roles) In truth these makes them totally dependent for all the time, and never grow up into adults. Yet the children of the present day differ a lot from the children of earlier years and they consist of a larger section of the people who come to the net regularly. This is quite understandable as the net is a part of their life which has never been the case with their parents. In studies it has been seen that as much as 73% of the American population between the ages of 12-17 use the Internet regularly and the study was in June 2001. These children also certainly have a care in the world for the world that they live in. One of their main contributions is through the creation of web sites for helping others. Jason Fernandez from Mumbai had built a site which supported children with learning disabilities along with their parents and teachers. This is a site for common good. The new facility of Internet has made it possible for everybody to publish his or her work. This is irrespective of age, gender, or education. The control is not with groups of people that existed in earlier generations where the work could only go out in the printed format. This change will also bring in other changes in the methods of learning, working and social structure. (Children of the Information Age: A Reversal of Roles) Postman had been concerned that the importance of all items was being reduced by television – be it politics, religion, news, athletic education or commerce. This was how we were amusing ourselves to death. It also showed that image was viewed as more important than content, and television was the master of images. (Neil Postman's amusing ourselves to Death) If Postman were to now concentrate on the newer developments he would write on the Internet. To be negative, the Internet contains a lot of false information, and this would hurt the beliefs of a normal human being. But this is also something that we learn while growing up into adults from childhood, and is not necessarily negative. (Final Project Paper: Amusing Ourselves to Death by Neil Postman) To conclude, one can thus say that while television makes the audience less responsible and childish, the Internet makes the audience more apparently mature. It is up to the audience to carry the work further, and not live for their own life, abandoning the responsibility of the children that they created.

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